The ideology of patriarchal oppression

                                 Sukumaran C. V.

The educated individual is the adapted person, because she or he is better “fit” for the world. Translated into practice, this concept is well suited to the purposes of the oppressors, whose tranquility rests on how well people fit the world the oppressors have created, and how little they question it.    —Paulo Freire
                                                     

                                                              Paulo Freire

The quoted sentences are from the 2^nd chapter of Paulo Freire’s masterpiece—Pedagogy of the Oppressed. If we replace the words oppressors with males and people with females and look at the condition of the females in our country, it will really be a revealing one. It will explain why the incidents like the Guhawati molestation occur in our country and why the number of rapes and kidnapping and abductions of women and girls alarmingly increases every year.(See the table below)

Year	2000	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011
Rape	16496	18359	19348	20737	21467	21397	22172	24206
Kidnapping And abduction of women and girls	15023	15750	17414	20416	22939	25741	29795	35565

(Source: NCRB data for 2010 and 2011)

The more we are educated, the more our women are sexually assaulted. The more we ‘progress’, the more insecurity our womenfolk feels in the public space. Our education caters to the needs and wishes of the oppressors and the males and it assiduously entrenches the patriarchal values.

I have recently seen a photograph being widely shared and commented in  Facebook. The subject of the photograph is four or five girls smoking cigarettes. The cigarette between the fingers of each girl is highlighted by bold arrow marks. All the comments are in this tone: “These like girls should be slapped with sandals.” What shocked me was none of those who shared the photograph and made intolerant comments is against smoking or drinking in general. Their ‘morality’ is hurt not by the dirty habit of smoking, but by the ‘immoral’ act of the girls!

I don’t like smoking and I have never used any alcoholic drinks including beer. But if men talk against (only) women’s smoking or drinking, I can’t but defend the women who hurt the so called ‘morality' of the males.

The female is an individual just like the male is. She does have her own likes and dislikes. If she likes smoking she can smoke. You can talk against the social menace of smoking, but have no right to talk against women’s or girls’ smoking alone. You can agitate against alcoholism, but can’t single out the females who enter into a bar and attack them in the name of morality or tradition or culture.

But in our country women are attacked for entering the pubs, for wearing the dress they like, for marrying whom they love. Still the males in this country stand wonderstruck when they see jeans clad women or when they see women driving or when a wife calls her husband by name or when they see a husband shares the kitchen chores.

The basic problem is that we are living in a democratic set up with an exclusively feudal and patriarchal and fascist mindset. As far as Indian psyche is concerned, the female is only a body and it is for the pleasure of the male. We are not ready to see the female as an individual and therefore we are irritated when we see they use their body and mind independent of the male control or escort.

The NCRB data for each year shows a steady increase of crimes against women and the alarming factor is that it is of the crimes in which the victims are girls and women, the percentage change is so glaring that it frightens us. According to the ‘Snapshots (1953-2011)’ of the NCRB’s Crime in India: 2011 Statistics, the percentage change of rape is 873.3 over 1971 (The Bureau ‘started collecting data on rape since 1971 only’) and that of kidnapping and abduction is 749.0 over 1953. The percentage change of no other major crime head goes beyond 300.

The number of rape—the most heinous of all crimes—in Kerala was 634 in 2010; it went up to 1132 in 2011, far ahead of all other major crimes. Kerala is called God's Own Country and we should keep in mind that it is the most literate among the Indian states! Our national capital stands as the number one city in this crime (453); the second place goes to Mumbai (221) and the third place to Bhopal (100). It is a pity that the most heinous crime against women thrives in the capital city of the largest democracy in the world.

The total number of rapes perpetrated in the 28 Indian states in 2011 is 23582. The share of 6 states including Assam accounts for the half of it! (Assam 1700, Madhya pradesh 3406, Maharashtra 1701, Rajasthan 1800, Uttarpradesh 2042, West Bengal 2362.)

It is high time we demolished the ‘culture of silence’ and the patriarchal mindset (from which such abominable atrocities against the females sprout) by cultural intervention and by making our curricula gender-sensitive and gender-friendly. We should not allow our school textbooks to propagate stereotypical gender roles and portray the female as an object meant for the male.

As Paulo Freire says, in the present concept of education, “Knowledge is a gift bestowed by those who consider themselves knowledgeable upon those whom they consider to know nothing. Projecting an absolute ignorance onto others, a characteristic of the ideology of oppression, negates education and knowledge as process of inquiry.”  Pedagogy of the Oppressed was first published in 1970. All the drawbacks of the established system of education Freire pointed out in 1970 are still with us!! 

Education should make people question the constructed 'knowledge' of male superiority, the culture of objectification of the females and the moral hypocrisy of putting the responsibility of rape or sexual assault on the victims' attire or on their act of entering a pub or on their 'audacity' to travel alone at night.

Education should help the society to do away with the existing gender discrimination by questioning the socially constructed notion and practice of male superiority and domination. It should help us to stop the objectification of the environment and the female sex and to create a gender egalitarian social order and an environmental-friendly lifestyle. But what we witness is that "education as the exercise of domination stimulates the credulity of students, with the ideological intent of indoctrinating them to adapt to the world of oppression." 

                                           

What does independence really mean to them?

Sukumaran C. V.

The low, flat-topped hills of south Orissa have been home to the Dongria Kondh long before there was a country called India or a state called Orissa. The hills watched over the Kondh. The Kondh wathced over the hills and worshipped them as living deities. Now these hills have been sold for the bauxite they contain. For the Kondh it’s as though god has been sold. They ask how much god would go for if the god were Ram or Allah or Jesus Christ. —Arundati Roy (Broken Republic)

                                               A Dongria Kondh young man in the Niyamgiri Hills

Our Constitution begins with “WE, the people of India,…” and 'WE' have celebrated  one more Independence Day. We do have enough achievements to be proud of as an independent nation, even if our bickering in the name of religion and caste still haunts us. We are the world's largest democracy and whatever its shortcomings are, of course there are many, our democracy is certainly not a failing one. Its moorings are strong and safe.

But instead of being conceited on our achievements, we have to look into the issues that mar the democratic nature of our democracy. We have to include the marginalised sections of people into the ambit of “We, the people of India”. Many people, especially the tribals and the dalits (and the females too?) are still not included in it. They are kept in the periphery of the democratic space by the privileged ‘WE’ category of people and WE plunder their hills and vales as the colonial masters have plundered Us! 

Arbitrariness is anathema to democracy. To show how arbitrarily Indian democracy behaves with its own people, I am quoting from the paper Dams, Displacement, Policy and Law in India prepared by Harsh Mander, Ravi Hemadri and Vijay Nagaraj: 

Nanhe Ram did not know then that a gigantic thermal power complex was being planned in the neighbourhood of his village, at Korba, for which the two rivers of his ancestral habitat, the Hasdeo and Bango, were to be dammed. Fifty-nine tribal villages like his were to be submerged, 20 completely and the rest partially, along with 102 square kilometres of dense sal forest, to create a vast new reservoir of 213 square kilometres. No one consulted with or even informed the 2721 families of these 59 villages, who had been condemned to be internal refugees to the cause of `national development’, about the project and how it would alter their lives so profoundly and irrevocably. Some 2318 of these families, or an overwhelming 85 per cent, were tribals or dalits, who like Nanhe Ram were the least equipped by experience, temperament or culture to negotiate their new lives amidst the ruins of their overturned existence.

A democracy should not push the people who don’t follow the lifestyle of the mainstream society into the woes described below:

When I am on a boat in the middle of the reservoir, and I know that hundreds of feet below me, directly below me, at that very point, lie my village and my home and my fields, all of which are lost forever, it is then that my chest rips apart, and I cannot bear the pain….[A record of Nanhe’s  story as told to the paper writer in resettlement village Aitma in 1997] 

Natural resources should be used democratically and in a sustainable manner. But ‘WE’ deprive the tribals of their natural resources for the 'progress' of our consumerist economy and WE don’t mind whether the vulnerable people survive or not. After having submerged thousands of tribal villages by building big dams, now WE let the corporate mining giants like the Essar, the Posco and the Vedanta to devastate the still remaining rivers and hills and forests of these hapless people. WE are least bothered when the manifold flora and fauna and the different tribal cultures which see the hills and forests as living deities are bulldozed by the corporate mining greed. The world's biggest democracy makes a huge number of tribals  refugees on their own land and these people who do have a sustainable life style are being shot at, looted and raped by the biggest democracy which worships the Free Market as its Supreme Deity.

                                                             Inside the Niyamgiri Forests

If the tribals in other parts of India are displaced by our undemocratic ‘development’ projects and the biggest democracy's innumerable secret MoUs   with the corporate mining business; in Kerala, it is the 'civilized' settlers who virtually eliminated them by appropriating their lands. In 1975, the Kerala Legislative Assembly passed a Bill to restore the alienated lands to the tribals, but till date it is not implemented because the settlers belong to the WE category of people and their victims don’t. The pauparised tribals are now a hapless lot infested with myriad grievances like the increasing number of unwed mothers and alcohol addicted menfolk—the handiwork of the 'civilized' WE, the people of India! None of their arable lands is now in their possession and almost all their fruit and tuber yielding hills have been encroached and deforested. They dwell in the periphery of our democracy as outcasts or rather as an eyesore to the mainstream 'WE' the people. 

(When a book named Keralathile Africa was published in 1963 depicting the pathetic condition of the enslaved Adivasis of northern Kerala, the then Kerala government tried to initiate disciplinary action against the author K. Panoor, who was a government employee, by invoking the Defence of India Rules! In the book you can see a graphic description of a sort of annual slave market from which the feudal lords selected their slaves to toil in their fields for one year, till the time of the next market. Can you believe it? But it is not fiction. (The book is still available in print. It is published by the SPCS)

On May 22, 1981 eighteen actors of the street play Naadugaddhika (the title indicates a tribal art form), including its author K. J. Baby, were arrested and jailed and the play was banned. (The play tells the story of how the Adivasis have systematically been deprived of their own forest lands and virtually degraded into the status of bonded slaves by the 'civilized' society.)  

If the environment, the tribal and dalit people and the females in the biggest democracy continue to be at the receiving ends and if the democracy denies space to these space-less sections of the nation; and declines to hear their voice, our celebration of Independence Day each year will only be a meaningless ritual. Arbitrariness has no place in a real democracy. ‘WE’ have to cleanse our democracy of its rot within by making it all-inclusive and really democratic. Now it has a tinge of fascism in its heart and that will ruin it if allowed to continue.

Can "WE" deny the plain and simple (or rather the terrible) truth Arundati Roy points out in her Broken Republic?

If you pay attention to many of the struggles taking place in India, people are demanding no more than their constitutional rights. But the Government of India no longer feels it needs to abide by the Indian Constitution, which is supposed to be the legal and moral framework on which our democracy rests. 

                               

                                        

The never-ending saga of Anne Franks

                                          Sukumaran C. V.

                      The 12 year old Anne Frank (1941) at her school desk
                                          in Amsterdam, the Netherlands   
              

On July 15, 1944, the hardly sixteen year old Anne Frank wrote in her Diary named Kitty: It is utterly impossible for me to build my life on a foundation of chaos, suffering and death. I see the world being slowly transformed into a wilderness, I hear the approaching thunder that, one day, will destroy us too, I feel the suffering of millions. After that she could confide to her Dearest Kitty only on July 21 and August 1, 1944.  She, along with her family and others, was captured from the ‘Secret Annexe’ where they had been hiding for two years, by the Nazi secret police Gestapo on August 4, 1944. She was sent to the Bergen- Belsen concentration camp and died there in March 1945, three months before her  16^th  birthday, and barely one month before the Bregen-Belsen was liberated by the Allied Forces.  

We would shudder to think the misery the girl might have suffered during those terrible seven months. On 19^th November 1942, Anne told Kitty: Night after night, green and grey military vehicles cruise the streets. They knock on every door, asking whether any Jews live there…I often see long lines of good, innocent people, accompanied by crying children, walking on and on, ordered about by a handful of men who bully and beat them until they nearly drop. No one is spared. The sick, the elderly, children, babies and pregnant women—all are marched to death. On 25^th May 1944, she tells Kitty: …our only choice is to eat fewer… We are going to be hungry, but nothing is worse than being caught. And the worst thing happened on 4^th August, 1944.

Posterity could know the poignant story of Anne Frank, because she was such a gifted girl to write it down. In each war, there are innumerable Anne Franks who perish. In each communal riots there are people like Anne Frank who perish for the reasons that are not theirs and not known to them.

In the 1947 Partition, in the 1984 Delhi, in the 1993 Mumbai, in the 2002 Gujarat, in the 2012 Assam, there might have been many Anne Franks and families who were annihilated. Among the Tamils of Srilanka, among the Adivasis of Central India, among the Palestenians suppressed by Israel and in all (civil)war torn countries of Africa; Anne Franks and families have suffered and still suffer. 

Why it happens? Are we humans basically too narrow minded to accept our plurality and diversity? All humans can’t follow one faith, one life style, one moral code, one dress code and one food habit. As there are diverse ways of life and the very beauty of Human Life and the Environment lies in the plurality, we desperately need to stop trying to make others accept our ways and otherwise calling them the Other and paving the ways to eternal confict and destruction.

Still, even sixty eight years after, we can’t answer the pertinent questions asked by the little girl called Anne Frank. On 3^rd May 1944, she asked: Why are millions spent on the war each day, while not a penny is available for medical science, artists or the poor? Why do people have to starve when mountains of food are rotting away in other parts of the world? Oh, why are people so crazy?

Why don’t we, the grown-ups of the world, who write and talk theoratically on everything under the sun incessantly, fail to understand the plain truth the girl tells us? She says (on 3^rd May, 1944): I don’t believe the war is simply the work of politicians and capitalists. Oh no, the common man is every bit as guilty; otherwise, people and nations would have rebelled long ago! There is a destructive urge in people, the urge to rage, murder and kill. And until all of humanity, without exception, undergoes a metamorphosis, wars will continue to be waged, and everything that has been carefully built up, cultivated and grown up will be cut down and destroyed… 

Dear Anne, humanity hasn't still undergone the metamorphosis you referred to 68 years ago. The ‘destructive urge’ still leads us and we still ‘rage, murder and kill’. Not only that, we molest and rape too. On 5^th April 1944, you told your Dearest Kitty that you wanted to go on living even after your death. Oh! Dear girl, you live even after your death and it is doubtless that you will continue to live as long as the human race exists. But what is doubtful is how long the humans will be there on the surface of the Earth with their ‘destructive urge to rage, murder and kill’.